Security operations, also known as SOC (Security Operations Center) or CSOC (Cyber Security Operations Center), is the management and execution of security measures to protect an organization's sensitive data and systems from cyber threats. This includes monitoring networks and systems for suspicious activity, identifying and responding to security incidents, implementing security policies and procedures, and performing risk assessments to identify and mitigate potential vulnerabilities. The goal of security operations is to detect, respond to, and recover from security incidents in a timely and efficient manner, while also working to prevent future incidents from occurring.

Managed Detection and Response (MDR) is a service that provides organizations with continuous monitoring and rapid response to cyber threats. MDR is a proactive approach to security that uses advanced technologies and human expertise to detect, investigate and respond to potential cyber-attacks in real-time. It includes a combination of security tools, such as endpoint protection, network traffic analysis, and threat intelligence, as well as skilled security analysts who are responsible for monitoring, analyzing, and responding to security incidents. MDR enables organizations to detect threats that traditional security solutions may miss, and to respond quickly to mitigate the damage and prevent future attacks. It also allows organizations to offload some of the burden of managing and maintaining in-house security operations and focus on their core business.

Extended Detection and Response (XDR) is a security solution that provides a holistic view of an organization's security posture by integrating and analyzing data from multiple security sources, such as endpoint protection, network security, and security information and event management (SIEM) systems. XDR solutions use advanced analytics, machine learning and automation to identify and respond to threats across an organization's entire attack surface. This allows for faster incident detection and response times, and enables security teams to quickly identify and contain threats that might otherwise go unnoticed. XDR also provides a centralized management console that allows security teams to easily monitor and manage the security of their organization, and to quickly respond to security incidents. This approach helps organizations to better protect against advanced threats, such as data breaches and compliance violations, and to improve their overall security posture.

A Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) system is a type of security software that collects and analyzes log data from various sources, such as network devices, servers, and applications, to detect and respond to security threats in real-time. SIEM systems provide a centralized view of an organization's security posture by aggregating and correlating log data from multiple sources. This enables security teams to detect and respond to potential threats, such as malicious network activity, policy violations, and security incidents, in a timely and efficient manner. SIEMs also provide compliance reporting and forensic analysis capabilities, allowing organizations to meet regulatory compliance requirements and to investigate security incidents for further insights. It can also be used in conjunction with other security solutions such as MDR.

Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR) is a set of technologies and processes that automate and streamline security operations. SOAR enables organizations to automate repetitive and manual tasks, such as incident response and threat hunting, and to integrate different security tools and systems into a unified platform. This improves the efficiency and effectiveness of security operations by reducing the time and effort required to respond to security incidents. SOAR also allows organizations to standardize incident response procedures and to improve communication and collaboration between different teams and systems. The goal of SOAR is to improve incident response times and to reduce the risk of human error, while also increasing the overall effectiveness of security operations. SOAR can be integrated with SIEM and other security solutions such as MDR.

In the context of SIEM, SOAR, and security operations, a data lake is a central repository that stores and processes large amounts of data from multiple sources in its raw format. Data lakes are used to collect and store log data from various security systems, such as network devices, servers, and applications, which can then be analyzed and used to detect and respond to security threats. By storing data in a data lake, organizations can retain large amounts of data for longer periods of time and can analyze historical data to detect patterns and trends that may indicate a security incident. Data lakes also allow organizations to easily integrate data from different sources, including external threat intelligence feeds, and to perform complex data analysis using big data analytics tools. This enables security teams to improve their visibility and understanding of the organization's security posture and to respond more effectively to security incidents.

Data Loss Prevention (DLP) technology is a security solution that helps organizations to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. DLP systems can be deployed as software on endpoint devices, as a network appliance, or as a cloud-based service. These systems work by identifying and classifying sensitive data, monitoring for potential data breaches, and taking action to prevent or remediate any incidents that are detected. DLP technology can be used to protect a wide range of data types, including credit card numbers, social security numbers, and other personally identifiable information, as well as trade secrets, intellectual property, and other sensitive business information.

DevSecOps is a software development methodology that integrates security considerations into the software development lifecycle (SDLC). It is an extension of the DevOps approach, which emphasizes collaboration and communication between development and operations teams. DevSecOps aims to build security into the development process from the start, rather than treating it as an afterthought. This can include practices such as incorporating security testing and code review into the development process, automating security checks and controls, and promoting a culture of security awareness among developers. By including security as part of the development process, DevSecOps helps organizations to deliver software faster and more securely, while reducing the risk of data breaches and other security incidents.

Zero Trust is a security model that assumes that all network traffic, both internal and external, is untrusted and must be verified before being granted access. This approach is based on the principle that organizations should not trust any user, device or network, even if they are inside the corporate perimeter. Zero Trust security model establishes a continuous verification of all users, devices and network connections, regardless of location, through the use of multifactor authentication, network segmentation and micro-segmentation, and other security technologies. This allows organizations to better protect against advanced threats, such as data breaches, by verifying the identity of users, devices and traffic before granting access to sensitive resources. Zero Trust also enables organizations to better protect their data, even if the perimeter is breached.

Privileged Access Management (PAM) refers to the set of processes, policies and technologies that organizations use to control access to their systems, data and applications. This includes identifying and authenticating users, determining what resources they are authorized to access, and enforcing those access controls. Privilege and access management can include things like user provisioning, role-based access control, and password management. It also includes the ability to audit and monitor access to sensitive resources to detect and prevent unauthorized access. The main goal of privilege and access management is to ensure that only authorized users have access to sensitive resources, and that they only have the level of access they need to perform their job. This helps organizations to protect against data breaches, compliance violations, and other security incidents.

Cloud Access Security Brokers (CASB) also known as Cloud Access Security Management (CASM) is a security solution that sits between an organization's on-premises infrastructure and its cloud-based resources. It is designed to secure and monitor access to cloud-based services, such as SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS platforms, and to protect against data breaches, compliance violations, and other security incidents. CASB provides security controls such as identity and access management, data loss prevention, threat detection, and incident response. It also allows organizations to monitor and enforce security policies, such as compliance regulations and data governance, across their cloud environment. CASB solutions can be deployed as a software, hardware or as a service. CASB provides visibility, control and protection for organizations that are adopting cloud services, allowing them to securely leverage the benefits of the cloud.

Governance, Risk Management and Compliance (GRC) is a framework that organizations use to manage and mitigate risks, ensure compliance with laws and regulations, and to achieve their strategic objectives. It is an integrated approach that covers all aspects of an organization's activities, including its operations, processes, policies, and systems. GRC includes governance, which is the set of processes and policies that guide an organization's decision-making and operations; risk management, which is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks to the organization; and compliance, which is the adherence to laws, regulations, standards, and other requirements. GRC solutions often include tools for risk management, incident response, compliance management, and reporting to provide a comprehensive view of an organization's risk posture. This allows organizations to make informed decisions, to reduce risk, and to ensure compliance with various regulations, standards, and laws.

Attack Surface Management (ASM) is a security solution that helps organizations to identify, analyze and manage the attack surface of their IT systems and applications. The attack surface of an organization is the sum of all the points where an attacker can potentially gain access to its systems and data. ASM solutions provide visibility into an organization's attack surface by identifying and mapping all potential entry points, such as open ports, vulnerabilities, and misconfigurations. It also includes identifying and managing vulnerabilities in third-party software, as well as reducing the attack surface by eliminating unnecessary open ports, services, and protocols. ASM solutions also provides continuous monitoring of the attack surface for changes and potential threats, and provide actionable insights to help organizations to prioritize and mitigate potential vulnerabilities. By reducing the attack surface, organizations can better protect themselves against cyber-attacks and data breaches, and improve their overall security posture.

Cyber supply chain security refers to the measures taken to protect against cyber threats that can occur within the digital systems and networks that support the flow of goods and services in the supply chain. This includes protecting against malicious actors who may seek to disrupt or exploit vulnerabilities in digital systems, such as software and hardware, used throughout the supply chain. It also involves ensuring that suppliers and vendors have secure systems and practices in place. Effective cyber supply chain security requires ongoing monitoring and risk management, as well as collaboration and information sharing among all members of the supply chain to quickly identify and respond to threats. Additionally, third-party security assessments, penetration testing, and regular security audits are used to ensure the security of the suppliers.

The cyber kill chain is a conceptual model that describes the different stages of a cyber attack and how they are connected. The seven stages of the cyber kill chain are: reconnaissance, weaponization, delivery, exploitation, installation, command and control, and actions on objectives. Reconnaissance refers to the process of gathering information about a target, weaponization refers to the process of creating a malicious payload, delivery refers to the process of getting the payload to the target, exploitation refers to the process of using the payload to gain access to the target, installation refers to the process of establishing a foothold in the target's systems, command and control refers to the process of communicating with the malware and controlling the compromised systems, and actions on objectives refers to the process of achieving the attacker's goals, such as stealing data or disrupting systems. By understanding the cyber kill chain, organizations can develop better defenses by focusing on the early stages of the attack and breaking the chain.

MITRE is a non-profit organization that operates research and development centers sponsored by the U.S. government. The company conducts research and development in the fields of national security, civil aviation, health and transportation. MITRE is involved in the development of many different technologies, standards, and frameworks related to cybersecurity, including the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system, which is a standardized system for identifying and naming software vulnerabilities, and the Cyber Kill Chain, which is a methodology for understanding and defending against cyberattacks. Additionally, MITRE is known for providing technical expertise and systems engineering services to a variety of government and industry clients, and for its role in managing the Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs) which are independent, not-for-profit organizations that provide R&D services to the government

The MITRE ATT&CK (Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge) framework is a comprehensive knowledge base of tactics and techniques used by cyber adversaries. It provides a common language and framework for identifying and describing cyber threats, which can be used to improve an organization's security posture by better understanding the techniques and methods used by attackers. The framework is organized into different attack stages, including reconnaissance, weaponization, delivery, exploitation, installation, command and control, and actions on objectives. Each stage includes a set of techniques that an attacker might use. The framework also includes information on the tools, malware, and infrastructure that might be used at each stage. The MITRE ATT&CK framework is widely used by the cybersecurity industry, government organizations and researchers to understand, detect, and mitigate cyber attacks, as well as to develop and measure the effectiveness of their defense strategies.

Defense in depth is a security strategy that involves implementing multiple layers of security controls to protect against cyber attacks. The idea behind defense in depth is to create a multi-layered security system that can withstand an attack by providing multiple opportunities for the attacker to be detected, blocked, or otherwise mitigated. This approach is based on the principle that it's hard for an attacker to bypass all layers of defense. Defense in depth involves a combination of technical, administrative and physical controls that work together to provide a comprehensive security system. It is designed to protect the entire organization and all its assets, including people, processes, and technology. This approach can include firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, antivirus software, intrusion detection and response, as well as employee training and incident response procedures.

Identity and Access Management (IAM) is the practice of managing the identities, roles, and access privileges of users within an organization. It is a security framework that allows organizations to control who has access to their systems and data, and what they can do with it. IAM includes the processes, technologies, and policies that are used to manage digital identities, including authentication, authorization, and identity provisioning. Authentication is the process of verifying a user's identity, authorization is the process of determining if a user is allowed to access a specific resource, and identity provisioning is the process of creating and managing digital identities for users. IAM can also include other features such as multi-factor authentication, password management, and user self-service. An effective IAM system will ensure that only authorized users have access to sensitive data, while also giving organizations visibility into who is accessing their systems and data.

Next-Generation Antivirus (NGAV) is a type of endpoint security software that provides advanced protection against malware and other cyber threats. Unlike traditional antivirus software, NGAV uses advanced techniques such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and behavior-based analysis to detect and block malware. NGAV is designed to protect against both known and unknown threats, and can identify and block malware even if it has never been seen before. NGAV can also provide additional features such as exploit protection, which is able to detect and block attempts to exploit vulnerabilities in software, and ransomware protection, which can detect and block ransomware attacks. Additionally, NGAV typically includes advanced threat intelligence capabilities, which allow it to quickly detect and block new and emerging threats as they appear. NGAV also includes a feature for incident response, which allows the IT team to quickly detect, isolate and remediate an infected system. Overall, NGAV provides a more comprehensive and proactive approach to endpoint security, which can help organizations better protect against the latest and most sophisticated cyber threats.

Application security, also known as AppSec, is the practice of ensuring that the software applications and systems used by an organization are secure. This includes identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities and threats that may be present in the application code, as well as ensuring that the application is designed and developed with security in mind. AppSec includes a variety of techniques such as threat modeling, code reviews, penetration testing, and security testing to ensure that the application is secure. It also includes implementing security controls in the development process, such as input validation and encryption, to prevent attacks such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting. AppSec also includes monitoring and maintaining the security of the application throughout its lifecycle, and addressing any vulnerabilities or issues that are identified. Overall, AppSec is an essential aspect of any organization's cybersecurity strategy, as applications are often the primary target of cyber-attacks and are a key entry point for attackers to access sensitive data and systems.

Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM) is a security strategy that is used to monitor, identify, and remediate security risks in cloud environments. It involves continuously assessing the security posture of cloud infrastructure and services, identifying misconfigurations and vulnerabilities, and providing guidance for remediating those issues. CSPM solutions can be used to monitor cloud environments for compliance with security standards and regulations, and to detect and respond to threats in real-time. They also provide visibility into the security state of cloud environments, which allows organizations to better understand their risk posture and take proactive measures to improve their security. CSPM solutions can integrate with other security tools such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and data loss prevention tools to provide a comprehensive security solution for cloud environments. Overall, CSPM is a critical component of any organization's cloud security strategy, as it helps to ensure the security and compliance of cloud-based systems and data, and provide visibility and control over the security posture of cloud environments.

Threat intelligence (TI) refers to the process of gathering, analyzing and disseminating information about current and emerging cyber threats to an organization. This information can be used to improve an organization's cybersecurity posture by providing insight into the tactics, techniques and procedures used by attackers, and enabling organizations to identify and mitigate potential threats before they can cause harm. TI can include various types of data such as indicators of compromise, threat actor information, vulnerabilities, and attack scenarios. It can also include both technical and non-technical data such as open-source intelligence, social media monitoring, and information from industry partners. TI can be used to improve incident response and threat hunting, as well as to inform the development of security policies and procedures. Additionally, TI can be used to train employees on how to detect and respond to cyber threats, and to develop proactive threat-mitigation strategies. Overall, TI is an important aspect of a comprehensive security strategy, as it helps organizations stay informed about the latest threats and take appropriate actions to protect themselves from cyber-attacks.

Digital Risk Protection (DRP) is a security strategy that aims to identify, assess and mitigate the digital risks that an organization faces. This can include risks such as data breaches, cyber-attacks, brand reputation damage, and compliance violations. DRP solutions can provide visibility into an organization's digital footprint, including its websites, mobile apps, and social media, and monitor for potential threats such as phishing, malware, and data leakage. It also includes threat intelligence, and incident response capabilities. DRP solutions can also be used to monitor for compliance with regulations such as GDPR and HIPAA, and to detect and respond to brand impersonation and intellectual property infringement. DRP solutions can integrate with other security tools such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and data loss prevention tools, providing a comprehensive security solution for the organization. Overall, DRP is a critical component of any organization's security strategy, as it helps to ensure the security and compliance of digital assets, and provide visibility and control over the digital risks that the organization faces.